M00000446
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ISO 29904 1st Edition, September 1, 2013 Fire chemistry - Generation and measurement of aerosols
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Availability date: 07/13/2021
Description / Abstract:
This International Standard provides a guide to the generation
of aerosol particles in fires, defines apparatus and procedures for
the sampling and measurement of aerosols, and provides procedures
for the interpretation and reporting of the data. It is intended to
assist fire test designers and those making measurements at
unwanted fires to choose and use appropriate methods for aerosol
measurement for differing hazards to people and the
environment.
This International Standard identifies the scope, applicability,
and limitations of each method. The interpretation of the data from
these measurements is strongly dependent on the end use of the
data.
Fire-generated aerosols may present a direct risk of restricting
escape from fire by obscuring an exit route, or they may produce
chronic health and environmental hazards from chemical compounds
contained in the aerosol (for example, toxic chemicals like
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soot or radionuclides form
nuclear plant fires.) Aerosol particles may be inhaled to various
depths in the lungs, depending on their size and density, or may be
released into the environment and deposited on land and in
watercourses.
In particular, this International Standard addresses the
following aspects of aerosol generation and measurement in
fires:
— Adsorbed/dissolved gas or vapour phase species;
— Physical mechanisms involved in the transport of aerosols,
dispersal in the fire plume, coagulation/agglomeration leading to
variation in particle sizes and fractions, "thermophoresis" (main
cause of soot deposition), "diffusiophoresis" and,
sedimentation.
— The interactions between gases and vapours and aerosol:
adsorption and removal of species from gas phase, transportation of
adsorbed gases into the lungs;
— Sampling and measurement methods, including their principles
of operation, method description, the data provided, and in each
case their scope, field of application, advantages and
disadvantages;
— Metrology of the measurement methods, and in the generation of
"standard aerosols", and the related uncertainties;
— Physiological and environmental effects of aerosols insofar as
these effects can be used to define the measurement method for
specific applications; and
— Hazards of carbon particles present in the fire effluent as
visible "smoke" through their size, morphology, chemical nature,
and the nature of the effluent in which they are (or were)
suspended.
This International Standard is not oriented toward the aerosols
generated from controlled combustion. (e.g. incineration). However,
much of the material in this document is common to such
aerosols.