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ISO 13383-2 1st Edition, September 1, 2012 Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Microstructural characterization - Part 2: Determination of phase volume fraction by evaluation of micrographs
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Availability date: 07/13/2021
Description / Abstract:
This part of ISO 13383 specifies a manual method of making
measurements for the determination of the volume fraction of major
phases in fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) using micrographs of polished and etched sections,
overlaying a square grid of lines, and counting the number of
intersections lying over each phase.
NOTE 1 This method assumes that the true phase volume fractions
are equivalent to area fractions on a randomly cut cross-section
according to stereological principles.
NOTE 2 Guidelines for polishing and etching of advanced
technical ceramics can be found in Annexes A and B of ISO
13383-1:2012.
The method applies to ceramics with one or more distinct
secondary phases, such as found in
Al2O3/ZrO2, Si/SiC, or
Al2O3/SiCw.
If the test material contains discrete pores, these are to be
treated as a secondary phase for the purpose of this method,
provided that there is no evidence of grain pluck-out during
polishing being confused with genuine pores.
NOTE 3 If the material contains more than about 20 % porosity,
there is a strong risk that the microstructure will be damaged
during the polishing process, and measurement of the volume
fraction of pores may become misleading. Secondary phase volume
fractions or porosity present at levels of less than 0,05 are
subject to considerable error and potential scatter in results. A
larger number of micrographs than the minimum of three is normally
needed to improve the consistency and accuracy of the results.
NOTE 4 Many ceramics contain small amounts of secondary glassy
phases. In order to make a reasonable estimate of glassy phase
content, the glass material between crystalline grains should be
readily observable, and thus should be at least 0,5 μm in width.
The method in this part of ISO 13383 is not considered appropriate
for narrow glassy films around grains.
NOTE 5 Microstructures are seldom homogeneous, and the phase
contents can vary from micrograph to micrograph. It is essential to
survey a sufficiently wide area of the prepared section to ensure
that those areas selected for evaluation are representative, and do
not contain eye-catching irregularities. This method assumes that
the selected regions of a prepared cross-section are statistically
representative of the whole sampled section.
Some users of this part of ISO 13383 may wish to apply automatic
or semiautomatic image analysis to micrographs or directly captured
microstructural images. This is currently outside the scope of this
part, but some guidelines are given in Annex A.